However, when the researcher is interested in giving a highlight of how the response patterns vary across the subgroups, then the scores can be treated as discrete choices thus allowing them to be ordinal values Miller & Salkind, 2002. In this case the intervals between the positions on the scale are monotonic but not well defined to make them numerically uniform increments thus making the likert scale have ordinal properties

However, due to the lack of a pre-test procedure, it is impossible to assess whether the treatment had any effect in the sample at all. In the one group pretest posttest study the variable under study is measured among the sample prior to the treatment, to get the baseline figures, and then measured again among the same sample after the treatment to be compared with the baseline figures. Nevertheless,

Measurement and Statistics Intelligence: Definition and assessment Two major interpretations of intelligence exist -- the concept of 'general intelligence,' which is often pitted against the concept of 'multiple intelligences.' For many years, it was though that only one kind of intelligence existed, known as the 'g-factor,' or general intelligence. "In recent decades, psychologists have devoted much effort to isolating that general factor, which is abbreviated g, from the other aspects of cognitive

Measurement Scale The first decision with respect to measurement scale is whether the findings will be reported on a composite scale or a summated scale. A composite scale is probably the most appropriate for this study. A summated scale is commonly used in the social sciences, and can be used to reflect people's attitudes, emotions and feelings. There are four main characteristics of a summated scale. The first is that the

Brand Equity Measurement Consumer perceptions extensively influence and manipulate their purchasing behavior. Service and goods companies identify the significance of marketing strategies in influencing consumer behavior. All brands that attract high profits have desirable loyalty levels among customers. Customers tend to have a high level of perception of quality of goods and services that dominate markets in different industries. The power that emanates from consumers' goodwill and recognition of a brand,

Performance Appraisals Within most organizations, performance measurement is the process in which an organization establishes certain parameters regarding the level of expectations and output with internal staff, external vendors, systems, product quality, and overall ROI. The fundamental purpose of such measurements should be directly related to both improving business and be able to directly evaluate how resources (human or otherwise) are performing. To do so, and to provide outcome that is